openSUSE :: MySQL & Ruby
Наконец-таки нашел немного времени для знакомства с Ruby. Присматривался к нему уже наверное лет 5. Сначала SUSE стала создавать свои web сервисы на Ruby, потом вышел WebYaST… Что связанно с SUSE, Ruby исползуется повсеместно. Наконец и YaST был переписан на Ruby, а это значит, что openSUSE стал первым дистрибутивом, где установщик полностью написан на этом языке. Сегодня его просто нельзя уже игнорировать. Итак, я собираюсь начать восхождение как можно быстрее. Вы со мной? 
Я покажу, что Leap 42.1 прекрасно подходит для изучения Ruby. В качестве примера рассмотрим работу с MySQL (на работе мне постоянно приходится писать автономные программы, поведение которых зависит от данных в БД); что-нибудь самое простое.
Если вы уже работали с БД, к примеру, в Python или Lisp, то приведенный ниже код поймете сразу. Require подключает модуль mysql. Мы создаем mysql-объект con. С помошью его метода query создаем SQL-запрос. Пробегаемся по выводу при помощи each do, при этом каждой строке из вывода присваиваем имя row. Я использую puts для вывода информации на экран. В Ruby есть и всем известный print. Разница в том, что puts добавляет символ новой строки в конец вывода, а вот print этого не делает. 14-16 строки обрабатывают ошибку (показывают ее вывод, но программа продолжает работу), если такая возникнет при попытке соединиться и получить данные. В конце мы вызываем close, который закрывает соединине.
#!/usr/bin/ruby
require 'mysql'
begin
con = Mysql::new('10.10.10.10',
'login',
'password',
'centreon')
con.query('SHOW columns FROM nagios_server').each do |row|
puts "#{row[0]} #{row[1]} #{row[2]} #{row[3]}"
end
rescue Mysql::Error => e
puts e.errno
puts e.error
ensure
con.close if con
end
При первом запуске (используем свежую Leap 42.1 x86_64) получаем ошибку:
> ./mysql-test.rb
/usr/lib64/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb:55: \
in `require': cannot load such file -- mysql (LoadError)
from /usr/lib64/ruby/2.1.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb:55:in `require'
from ./mysql-test.rb:2:in `'
Тут все понятно: require не может найти mysql. Для установки воспользуемся gem. Это аналог Lisp’овского QuickLisp или Python’овского pip.
> gem --help
RubyGems is a sophisticated package manager for Ruby. This is a
basic help message containing pointers to more information.
Usage:
gem -h/--help
gem -v/--version
gem command [arguments...] [options...]
Examples:
gem install rake
gem list --local
gem build package.gemspec
gem help install
Further help:
gem help commands list all 'gem' commands
gem help examples show some examples of usage
gem help platforms show information about platforms
gem help show help on COMMAND
(e.g. 'gem help install')
gem server present a web page at
http://localhost:8808/
with info about installed gems
Further information:
http://guides.rubygems.org
> gem list --local mysql
*** LOCAL GEMS ***
>
Нет ни одной установленной в системе mysql gem.
Обратите внимание на вывод gem’овской help – для команды list сказано только по поводу –local аргумента. Там есть еще –remote. Последний покажет доступные для установки gem’ы. Я не привожу тут вывод, потому что список слишком большой.
Для установки воспользуемся командой install:
# gem install mysql
Fetching: mysql-2.9.1.gem (100%)
Building native extensions. This could take a while...
ERROR: Error installing mysql:
ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.
/usr/bin/ruby.ruby2.1 extconf.rb
mkmf.rb can't find header files for ruby at /usr/lib64/ruby/include/ruby.h
extconf failed, exit code 1
Gem files will remain installed in
/usr/lib64/ruby/gems/2.1.0/gems/mysql-2.9.1 for inspection.
Results logged to
/usr/lib64/ruby/gems/2.1.0/extensions/x86_64-linux/2.1.0/mysql-2.9.1/gem_make.out
И я вам скажу честно – так происходит со многоими gem’ами 
Но на самом деле ничего страшного не случилось. Дело в том, что gem’у нужен файл из RPM-пакета. Какого-то RPM пакета… Вызывать zypper нам придется самим. Какой пакет устанавливать? Мне повезло, я вспомнил, что один RPM-пакет нужно было доустановить и в случае с Common Lisp. В том случае это был libmysqlclient, для Ruby же нужен libmysqlclient-devel. Очень рекомендую еще поставить пакет ruby-devel и весь pattern devel_basis. Там много библиотек, необходимых интерпретору.
> sudo zypper in -t pattern devel_basis > sudo zypper in ruby-devel libmysqlclient-devel
После этого попытаемся установить mysql gem снова:
> gem install mysql Building native extensions. This could take a while... Successfully installed mysql-2.9.1 Parsing documentation for mysql-2.9.1 Installing ri documentation for mysql-2.9.1 Done installing documentation for mysql after 0 seconds 1 gem installed > echo $? 0 > gem list --local mysql *** LOCAL GEMS *** mysql (2.9.1)
Выглядит лучше, правда? Теперь вернемся к коду выше. Придумайте для теста какой-нибудь простой SQL запрос. Что-нибудь типа show tables, к примеру. Вывод скрипта, приведенного выше, выглядит так:
./mysql-test.rb
id int(11) NO PRI
name varchar(40) YES
localhost enum('0','1') YES
is_default int(11) YES
last_restart int(11) YES
ns_ip_address varchar(255) YES
ns_activate enum('1','0') YES
ns_status enum('0','1','2','3','4') YES
init_script varchar(255) YES
monitoring_engine varchar(20) YES
nagios_bin varchar(255) YES
nagiostats_bin varchar(255) YES
nagios_perfdata varchar(255) YES
centreonbroker_cfg_path varchar(255) YES
centreonbroker_module_path varchar(255) YES
centreonconnector_path varchar(255) YES
ssh_port int(11) YES
ssh_private_key varchar(255) YES
init_script_snmptt varchar(255) YES
Для сравнения, вот так выглядит вывод нашего SQL запроса в mysql(1):
> SHOW columns FROM nagios_server;
+----------------------------+---------------------------+------+-----+---------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default |
+----------------------------+---------------------------+------+-----+---------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL |
| name | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL |
| localhost | enum('0','1') | YES | | NULL |
| is_default | int(11) | YES | | 0 |
| last_restart | int(11) | YES | | NULL |
| ns_ip_address | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| ns_activate | enum('1','0') | YES | | 1 |
| ns_status | enum('0','1','2','3','4') | YES | | 0 |
| init_script | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| monitoring_engine | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL |
| nagios_bin | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| nagiostats_bin | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| nagios_perfdata | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| centreonbroker_cfg_path | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| centreonbroker_module_path | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| centreonconnector_path | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| ssh_port | int(11) | YES | | NULL |
| ssh_private_key | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
| init_script_snmptt | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL |
+----------------------------+---------------------------+------+-----+---------+
19 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Вот так выглядит мой первый шаг изучения Ruby. После опробывания парочки других библиотек (например SNMP, threading или SMTP), нужно браться за изучения типов данных. Это основа языка. Если приницип работы библиотек практически 1:1 как и в Python, то к отличиям типов данных стоит отнестись серьезнее. Еще меня интересует стиль языка, а именно функциональная парадигма. Ходят слухи, что на нем легче писать функциональный код, чем на python. В этом мне еще только придется убедиться.
На последок скажу, что открытой документации по Ruby очень много. Все больше и больше документации появляется сейчас и на русском. Удачи в изучении. Счастливо 
Keras for Binary Classification
So I didn’t get around to seriously (besides running a few examples) play with Keras (a powerful library for building fully-differentiable machine learning models aka neural networks) – until now. And I have been a bit surprised about how tricky it actually was for me to get a simple task running, despite (or maybe because of) all the docs available already.
The thing is, many of the “basic examples” gloss over exactly how the inputs and mainly outputs look like, and that’s important. Especially since for me, the archetypal simplest machine learning problem consists of binary classification, but in Keras the canonical task is categorical classification. Only after fumbling around for a few hours, I have realized this fundamental rift.
The examples (besides LSTM sequence classification) silently assume that you want to classify to categories (e.g. to predict words etc.), not do a binary 1/0 classification. The consequences are that if you naively copy the example MLP at first, before learning to think about it, your model will never learn anything and to add insult to injury, always show the accuracy as 1.0.
So, there are a few important things you need to do to perform binary classification:
- Pass
output_dim=1to your finalDenselayer (this is the obvious one). - Use
sigmoidactivation instead ofsoftmax– obviously, softmax on single output will always normalize whatever comes in to 1.0. - Pass
class_mode='binary'tomodel.compile()(this fixes the accuracy display, possibly more; you want to passshow_accuracy=Truetomodel.fit()).
Other lessons learned:
- For some projects, my approach of first cobbling up an example from existing code and then thinking harder about it works great; for others, not so much…
- In IPython, do not forget to reinitialize
model = Sequential()in some of your cells – a lot of confusion ensues otherwise. - Keras is pretty awesome and powerful. Conceptually, I think I like NNBlocks‘ usage philosophy more (regarding how you build the model), but sadly that library is still very early in its inception (I have created a bunch of gh issues).
(Edit: After a few hours, I toned down this post a bit. It wasn’t meant at all to be an attack at Keras, though it might be perceived by someone as such. Just as a word of caution to fellow Keras newbies. And it shouldn’t take much to improve the Keras docs.)
Некоторые исправления для OpenSUSE 42.1
1. При загрузке ядра система зависает намертво и… через 20 минут всё таки грузится. В 13.2 наблюдал такое на ядре kernel-desktop и лечил это тогда переходом на kernel-default. В OpenSUSE 42.1 нет в образе такого выбора ядер, а новый kernel-default стал зависать при загрузке именно так. Решение нашлось очень простое: к параметрам загрузки ядра нужно добавить dis_ucode_ldr. Нашёл тут.
2. На некоторых машинах система время от времени зависает сама и без видимых причин. В dmesg такое:
[ 35.962355] systemd-journald[525]: File /var/log/journal/fde0e1438648364a342657f95654294e/user-1000.journal corrupted or uncleanly shut down, renaming and replacing.
Заметил, что проблема имеется только тогда, когда /var примонтирован на отдельном разделе (именно так предлагается по умолчанию при установке 42.1). Удалось вылечить следующим образом:
su -
rm -rf /var/log/*
systemctl daemon-reload
reboot
Из того, что пока не удалось починить:
- При обновлении/установки ядра, создание initrd и обновление загрузчика занимает очень много времени (у меня — 40 минут). Опять же — только на некоторых конфигурациях, когда в системе определённое сочетание дисков с MBR и GPT.
- В Plasma 5 полная неразбериха в системном лотке. К тому же так и не починено отображение значка Dropbox. Xembed-sni-proxy не помогает.
В целом, OpenSUSE 42.1 — один из самых глючных и небрежно сделанных релизов OpenSUSE, что, безусловно, расстраивает. Я рассчитывал на качественную сборку KDE Plasma 5, но пока получается, что лучше всего Plasma 5 собрана в Rosa Desktop Fresh R6. Кстати, свежий образ системы «на посмотреть» можно взять тут.
High DPI with FLTK
After switchig to a notebook with higher resolution monitor, I noticed, that the FLTK based ICC Examin application looked way too small. Having worked in the last months much with pixel independent resolutions in QML, it was a pain to see the non adapted FLTK GUI. I had the impression, that despite of several years of a very appreciated advancement of monitor technology, some parts of graphics stacks did not move and take advantage. So I became curious on how to solve high DPI support the hard way.
First of all a bit of introduction to my environment, which is openSUSE Linux and KDE-5 with KF5 5.5.3. Xorg use many times a hardcoded default of 96 dpi, which is very unfortune or just a bug? Anyway, KDE follows X11. So the desktop on the high resolution monitor looks initially as bad as any application. All windows, icons and text are way too small to be useable. In KDE’s system settings, I had to set Force Font with DPI and doubled its size from 96 to 192. In the kscreen module I had to set scale 2.0 and then increased the KDE task bars width. Out of the box useability is bad with so many inconsistent manual user intervention. In comparision with the as well tested Unity DE, I had to set a single display scaling factor to 2.0 and everything worked fine and instantly, icons, fonts and window sizes. It would be cool if DE’s and Xorg understand screen resolution. In the tested OS X 10.10 even different screen resolutions of multiple monitors are scaled correctly, so moving a window from a high DPI monitor screen to a traditional low resolution external monitor gives reasonable physical GUI rendering. Apples OS X provides that good behaviour initially, without manual user intervention. It would be interessting how GNOME behaves with regards to display scaling.
Back to FLTK. As FLTK appears to define itself as pixel based, DPI detecion or settings have no effect in FLTK. As a app developer I want to improve user experience and modified first ICC Examin to initially render physically reasonably. First I looked at the FL::screen_dpi() function. It is only a helper for detecting DPI values. FL::screen_dpi() has has in FLTK-1.3.3 hardcoded values of 96DPI under Linux. I noticed XRandR provides correct milimeter based screen dimensions. Together with the XRandR provided screen resolution, it is easy to calculate the DPI values. ICC Examin renderd much better with that XRandR based DPI’s instead of FLTK’s 96DPI. But ICC Examin looked slightly too big. The 192DPI set in KDE are lower than the XRandR detected 227 DPI of my notebooks monitor. KDE provides its forced DPI setting to applications by setting Xft.dpi in XResources. That way all Xft based applications should have the same basic font scaling. KDE and Mozilla apps do use Xft. So add parsing of a Xlib XResources solved that for ICC Examin. The remainder of programing was to programatically scale FLTK’s default font size from 14 pixels with: FL_NORMAL_SIZE = scale(14) . Some more widget sizes, the FtGl font sizes for OpenGL, drawing line widths and graphics scaling where needed. After all those changes, ICC Examin takes now advantage of high resolution rendering inside KDE. Testing under Windows and OS X must follow.
The way to program high DPI support into a FLTK application was basically the same as in QML. However Qt’s QML takes off more tasks by providing a relative font unit, much like CSS em sizes. For FLTK, I would like to see some relative based API’s, in addition to the pixel based API’s. That would be helpful to write more elegant code and integrate with FLTK’s GUI layout program fluid. Computer times point more and more toward W3C technology. FLTK would be helpful to follow.
Li-f-e at BITA Show 2016
BITA IT Show, the biggest IT exhibition in western India is coming to town on 24-26 January, We will be there promoting Li-f-e. If you are in this part of the world, drop in to check it out.

Fosscomm 2015 at Athens
Fosscomm is the annual conference of the Greek Free Software communities. This year the event took place on November 7 & 8 at the Technological Educational Institute(TEI) of Athens. This time around openSUSE had quite the strong presence in the conference with 3 talks and a booth.
openSUSE-el
The Booth itself always had at least 3 persons busy answering questions with old time and some new contributors to the project and local community handling the organization and distribution of the swag in the booth and explaining the merits of our current structure, projects and releases.
Enlightening Lizards
Although i haven’t had time to really contribute to this project in a while, it’s still one i really hold dear/close to heart so made sure to do this presentation again this year but with updated stats to spread the word about this awesome window manager and its foundation libraries and the stellar packaging work done by simon lees.
Automated Testing With openQA
My second and I believe most important presentation, this year, was about the excellent QA tool actually used to build our distro, “openQA”. As said by it’s motto, “Life is too short for manual testing!”, thus openQA is used to automate testing of the whole distribution (either as a collection or in individual package basis). You can see some test case examples on it’s homepage, you can also fetch the presentation from my github repo (FOSSCOMM_2015 directory) linked in the blog sidebar.
Leaping Ahead
Alex Vennos another community member had a presentation about the latest stable release “Leap 42.1”, unfortunately i couldn’t attend it but heard that it was well received even though people showed some confusion about the sudden “Leap” to a version like 42.1 from the previous 13.2
The rest
I spent the rest of the conference at our booth helping people, answering questions and generally socializing and talking with old & new friends.
Congratulations to the people from the TEI of Athens for the organization! :)
Update minor (mostly grammar/typo fixes)
openSUSE 13.1 mit UEFI und Vollverschlüsselung auf openSUSE Leap 42.1 migrieren
Da der offizielle Support für openSUSE 13.1 am 5.1.2015 endet war es höchste Zeit meine Workstation mal auf openSUSE Leap 42.1 zu migrieren. Solche Migrationen mache ich mit SUSE schon seit es noch einstellige Versionsnummern hatte. Diesmal war die Migration allerdings ungewohnt holprig.
Meine Workstation nutzt ein vermutlich nicht ganz gewöhnliches Set-Up. OpenSUSE ist parallel zu Windows 10 installiert, und beides wird per UEFI Secure Boot gestartet. Den UEFI-Boot habe ich dann auch gleich mal genutzt um mir mit Anlauf selbst in den Fuß zu schießen: OpenSUSE unterstützt es zwar schon seit Ewigkeiten eine Upgrade aus dem laufenden System durchzuführen, da es mir aber immer als der sauberere Ansatz vorkam – und sicher auch aus Nostalgie – mache ich solche Updates immer noch ganz altmodisch per DVD. Allerdings bietet mein ASUS-EFI in der Bootmedienauswahl das Blu-Ray-Laufwerk immer zwei mal an. Einmal ganz oben in der Liste als BIOS-Boot, und einmal ganz unten als echten UEFI-Boot. Natürlich habe ich – wollte ja nur schnell mal das Update starten – den oberen Eintrag genommen und mein EFI-System dann mal schön im BIOS-Modus aktualisiert. Leider fängt openSUSE diesen PEBKAC aktuell nicht ab und hat mir dann mal schön die Bootloaderkonfiguration kaputtgeschrieben. Zum Glück ist der Fehler – wenn man erst mal verstanden hat, was man falsch gemacht hat – trivial zu korrigieren. Einfach nochmal das Upgrade im UEFI-Modus starten, von Leap 42.1 auf Leap 42.1 aktualisieren (ja, das geht). Danach ist der Bootloader korrekt geschrieben.
Leider tritt einem beim Versuch die DVD mit openSUSE Leap 42.1 per UEFI zu booten Bug 950569 in den Weg. Der Bootcode auf der DVD ist nicht korrekt signiert, was auf meinem System zufolge hat, dass der Bildschirm einfach schwarz bleibt. Das Problem lässt sich lösen, indem man Secure Boot im BIOS temporär deaktiviert. Zum Glück installiert openSUSE Leap 42.1 bei der Installation bzw. dem Upgrade bereits die aktuellsten Version aller Pakete. So bleibt Nachzüglern wie mir nicht nur die Updateorgie nach der Installation erspart, sondern es landet auch korrekt signierter Code auf der Platte, so dass Secure Boot nach dem Update gleich wieder aktiviert werden kann.
Ein weiteres Problem bei openSUSE Leap 42.1 ist, dass es zumindest bei Upgrades nicht korrekt mit verschlüsselten Root-Partitionen umgehen kann. Beim Boot „vergisst“ das System nach der Passphrase zu fragen. Wechselt man durch die Konsolen findet zeigt sich folgende Fehlermeldung: Failed to start systemd-cryptsetup@luks<codierte ID>.service:. Ich habe die ID in der Fehlermeldung mal gekürzt ;). Wie in Bug 904987 lässt sich das Problem lösen, indem man dem Kernel explizit sagt, dass er die entsprechende Partition entschlüsseln soll, indem man ihm die ID des LUKS-Containers per Kernelparameter rd.luks.uuid mitgibt.
Die ID des LUKS-Containers lässt sich mit Cryptsetup herausfinden. Liegt die Root-Partition z.B. auf /dev/sda2, so lässt sich die ID wie folgt herausfinden.
> cryptsetup luksUUID /dev/sda2
07246af2-915a-bd54-6a5s-6a5c35d15f45
Der Bootparameter muss dann in /etc/sysconfig/bootloader zum Wert DEFAULT_APPEND hinzugefügt werden. Dieser sollte dann z.B. wie folgt aussehen:
DEFAULT_APPEND="splash=silent quiet showopts rd.luks.uuid=07246af2-915a-bd54-6a5s-6a5c35d15f45"
Anschließend einmal den Bootloader neu schreiben lassen und das System fragt wieder nach dem Passwort. Idealerweise wird dieser Workaround schon vor dem Update implementiert. Nicht, weil dann der Bootloader sowieso neu geschrieben wird, sondern weil man sich dann das Herumgewurschtel mit einem Recovery-System spart.
2015 Learning Retrospective
- The year began well. Started working on keeri with an aim to implement a distributed database, thereby learning the distributed systems concepts and leveraging my storage / filesystem experience.
- Took the coursera's cloud computing concepts course to understand the fundamentals that will help in implementing keeri
- As part of the database implementation, needed to implement a SQL parser which will convert given SQL statements into a decision tree. Took a coursera course on compilers. Implemented a decent recursive-descent (note the wordplay) parser that will process SQL queries with parentheses, Logical operators and Relational operators.
- Having already been tired with the non-core aspects of the "distributed" database, abandoned the project temporarily.
- Need to learn more about NewSQL technologies. Especially in the areas around how it helps for better tooling (for IDEs and the like) and also for parallelism.
- Studied a bit of database literature around ARIES, Voltdb etc.
- Attempted to read part-time parliament but lost interest midway because of reading raft, which is for similar purpose but a lot simpler to read, follow. Did a paper reading session together with Sureshkumar Thangavel for this.
- Played around with Continous Integration systems (travis, jenkins, etc.) out of interest, which later helped in projects in two different dayjobs.
- Wasted a lot of time, pretending to be preparing for interviews but did not do anything more than chatting with job change aspirants. But no complaints as time enjoyed is not time wasted.
- Learnt a little bit in more detail about queueing systems (Amazon SQS, rabbitmq to be specific)
- Wrote some test / tutorial programs for the Amazon Go SDK
- Did a few prototypes using Go for the API backend, Angular and React as the web frontends for few project ideas. Bothered about the fatigue induced by the constant reinvention in the frontend JS technologies. The future looks potentially even more heavily fragmented with no sanity in the horizon.
- Learnt to create docker images. Did some non-trivial dockerization for a legacy product with then employer. Wanted to checkout kubernetes, rocket and potentially provide patches. But lost interest.
- Wrote a bunch of long blog posts which triggered some nice private discussions. 1 2 3
- Worked a little bit on ithavi - the book on operating systems in tamil, but shamefully minuscule progress. Should do more next year at least.
- The year began well but lost steam midway, probably due to the decision to change the dayjob after 10+ years with SUSE/Novell. It led to distraction, lack of interest and some sentimental times leading to lesser productivity towards hobby projects. Hopefully the next year will be better, but with a job in a startup that works fast, I am not sure how much bandwidth I may have.
- Still not convinced if I should work on any of these system software anymore or if I should focus on some other paradigm that is at its infancy. Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie worked on Unix when OSes were not mature. Leslie Lamport worked on distributed systems papers which became valuable after more than two decades. Go is now using a paper on garbage collection by Dijkstra and Lamport written in the 70s. So, I am thinking if I should focus on some problems / technologies whose time has not come yet, to feel that excitement of walking on unchartered territories. There are a few options like quantum cryptography etc. which have good theorists who need programmers. If I could collaborate with such intelligent people and synergistically add some value, it will be satisfying. I briefly discussed with some researchers in India (IIT Madras, TIFR etc.) about doing a PhD or helping as an assistant. But not any progress and nothing sounds too promising if work has to be done from India, thanks to our country's brain drain and the Government of India's focus on doing research on loony vedic technologies instead of on useful things. That is enough rant for the year :)
My Trip to openSUSE.Asia Summit 2015
On December 5, 2015 openSUSE.Asia Summit 2015 was open, and off course there are many DVD and stickers :-D
Michal Hrusecky, openSUSE Board, give a keynote speech about what's been going on in openSUSE lately.
And after the break it was my turn. I put my presentation on slideshare in case any of you want to read.
It is an honor for me to attend to this event and hope Indonesia can be the host of the next openSUSE.Asia Summit 2016. See you all next year!
Most of photographs are taken from:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/vanmalay/
https://www.flickr.com/groups/opensuse-asia-summit-2015/
Thanks to:
Utian Ayuba, Estu Fardani - You both are great travel companion
Al Cho, Joey Lee, openSUSE Taiwan - Thanks for invitation
Sakana Max - You should come next time :-D
Franklin Weng, Erick - You make me always remember that I have friends in Taiwan
Rijal, Rosi, Pak Pur, LC - The video rock!
openSUSE Indonesia Community - Thanks for great support
openSUSE - Thanks for the great distro and TSP :-D
Live ISO Multi-boot USB revisited – live-grub-stick
Earlier tool live-fat-stick uses syslinux to create multiboot USB stick/hdd on a vfat parition without having to format the stick preserving existing data and copying whole ISO so the same stick can serve as demo as well as to copy ISOs for distributing. However the disadvantages are all of them that comes from using vfat.
Grub2 has come a long way and almost all major distributions now support booting from the iso image via loopback. So here is live-grub-stick script that uses grub in place of syslinux bringing in all the advantages of using grub2.
Currently live images of openSUSE, Ubuntu, Fedora and all their clones are supported. Go ahead and fork it if you would like to add support for your distribution.















